As recently as the 1950s, having a baby was a risky proposition. One in thirty births ended badly until an anesthesiologist named Virginia Apgar developed a system to rate how newborns were doing. She focused on five key areas (appearance, pulse, the reflex action or grimace, activity or muscle tone and respiration). She encouraged doctors and nurses to rate each child on a scale of zero to three for each quality. A score of 10 or more meant that the baby was healthy; 4 or lower indicated that the baby needed immediate intervention. While numerous other medical advances have occurred over the years, all agree that Apgar’s rating system had a huge impact. Her scoring system is still used today, and the mortality rate has improved to one in every 500 births. Virgina Apgar did not introduce a